Neumonitis química grave secundaria a la inhalación de talco. A propósito de un caso pediátrico / Severe chemical pneumonitis secondary to talc inhalation. A pediatric case

El talco, un silicato de magnesio hidratado, formó parte durante décadas del cuidado tradicional de lactantes y niños pequeños. Si bien en los niños su inhalación aguda, que suele ser accidental durante el cambio de pañales, no es frecuente, es una condición potencialmente peligrosa, que puede provocar dificultad respiratoria grave e incluso cuadros mortales. Se describe el grave compromiso respiratorio por neumonitis química asociado con la inhalación accidental de talco en un lactante de 14 meses. El niño presentó un cuadro de dificultad respiratoria con requerimiento de asistencia respiratoria mecánica (ARM) durante una semana. En cuanto al tratamiento, no existe un estándar, se utilizaron antibióticos y corticoides sistémicos y aerosolterapia. No presentó complicaciones en otros órganos o sistemas. Su evolución fue favorable, se pudo externar al décimo día de internación y presentó posteriormente episodios aislados de hiperreactividad bronquial.

Talc is a hydrated magnesium silicate. It was part of traditional infant and young child care for decades. In children, its acute inhalation, generally accidental during diaper changes, although not frequent, is a potentially dangerous condition, and can cause severe respiratory distress and even death. We describe the case of a 14-month child who had an accidental inhalation of talc, chemical pneumonitis and severe respiratory compromise. The patient had acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring mechanical ventilation for one week. There is no standard treatment, we used systemic antibiotics and corticosteroids and aerosol therapy. He did not have complications in other organs or systems. He was hospitalized for ten days. In the follow up, he had isolated episodes of bronchial hyperresponsiveness.

Sindrome de Atra / Atra syndrome

La leucemia promielocítica aguda (APL) es el subtipo de leucemia mieloide aguda de mejor pronóstico en niños. Su incidencia es menor a 10%. Desde el punto de vista citogenético se observa una translocación t (15;17). En la terapéutica la incorporación del ácido transretinoico ha logrado altas tasas de remisión completa debido a la rápida desaparición de la coagulopatía y, en consecuencia, disminución de la tasa de recaídas, en comparación con el tratamiento de monoterapia. En general es un fármaco bien tolerado pero puede tener reacciones adversas; el más grave es el síndrome de ácido transretinoico (ATRA), potencialmente mortal. Las manifestaciones clínicas son: fiebre, ganancia de peso, infiltrados pulmonares, síndrome de dificultad respiratoria, derrame pleural o pericárdico, hipotensión, insuficiencia hepática y renal. El tratamiento es con suspensión del ácido transretinoico, medidas de apoyo y altas dosis de esteroides. Se presenta un caso clínico del hospital del Niño DIF con APL y Síndrome de ATRA.

The leukemia promyelocytic acute (APL) is the subtype of leukemia myeloid acute of better prognosis in children. Its incidence is less than 10%. From the point of view cytogenetic is observed a translocation t (15; 17). The addition of the acid transretinoico has achieved high rates of complete remission because of the rapid disappearance of the coagulopathy and, consequently, decrease in the rate of relapses, compared with monotherapy treatment. In general it is a well-tolerated drug but can have adverse reactions; the most serious is transretinoico acid (ATRA), potentially fatal syndrome. The manifestations are: fever, weight gain, pulmonary infiltrates, syndrome of shortness of breath, hypotension, pleural effusion or pericardial, hepatic and renal insufficiency. The treatment is with suspension of the acid transretinoico, measures of support and high doses of steroids. It presents a case clinical of the Hospital del Niño DIF with APL and syndrome of ATRA.

Acute amiodarone toxicity causing respiratory failure

Summary A 66-year-old male patient was referred to our clinic with severe pneumonia. Bronchoscopy was performed due to clinical worsening despite antibiotics and diuretic therapy, respiratory failure and radiographic progression. Because bacterial cultures of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were negative and after using amiodarone for almost one month, we eliminated amiodarone from his medication regimen due to suspicion of amiodarone toxicity. Accordingly, we also initiated systemic steroid therapy. Chest X-ray done after 72 hours showed a significant resolution of lung consolidations and the patient exhibited significant clinical improvement, with decline of his oxygen requirements.

Acute respiratory failure caused by phenytoin overdose

No abstract available.

Incidência de depressão respiratória no pós-operatório em pacientes submetidos à analgesia venosa ou peridural com opioides / Incidencia de depresión respiratoria en el postoperatorio en pacientes sometidos a la analgesia venosa o epidural con opioides / The incidence of postoperative respiratory depression in patients undergoing intravenous or epidural analgesia with opioids

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A analgesia controlada pelo paciente (PCA), por via venosa ou peridural, é técnica segura e eficaz no tratamento da dor pós-operatória. Todavia, o uso de opioides não é isento de risco, e a depressão respiratória é a complicação mais temida. Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever a incidência de depressão respiratória associada à analgesia pós-operatória com opioides administrados por via peridural ou venosa e as características dos pacientes que apresentaram a complicação. MÉTODO: Estudo de incidência, retrospectivo, em pacientes operados no Hospital SARAH Brasília entre dezembro de 1999 e dezembro de 2007 e tratados com PCA com opioides por via venosa ou peridural. Foram definidos como casos de depressão respiratória: frequência respiratória < 8 irpm, necessidade do uso de naloxona ou saturação periférica de oxigênio abaixo de 90 por cento. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 2790 pacientes, dos quais 635 pacientes receberam PCA venosa e 2155, analgesia peridural. Ocorreram sete casos de depressão respiratória pós-operatória (incidência de 0,25 por cento). Destes, seis pacientes foram tratados com PCA venosa com morfina, enquanto o último recebeu analgesia peridural com fentanil. A média de idade foi de 30,5 ± 24,7 anos; o tempo médio entre o término da anestesia até a ocorrência da depressão respiratória foi de 18,1 ± 26,3 horas. A ocorrência de depressão respiratória foi significativamente mais frequente na PCA venosa com morfina (p = 0,001) e idade menor que 16 anos (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A incidência de depressão respiratória encontrada foi semelhante à descrita na literatura, sendo mais frequente em crianças e adolescentes, e com PCA venosa.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Intravenous or epidural patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a safe and effective technique in the treatment of postoperative pain. However, the use of opioids is not devoid of risks,and respiratory depression represents the most feared complication. The objective of the present study was to describe the incidence of respiratory depression associated with postoperative analgesia with the intravenous or epidural administration of opioids and the characteristics of the patients who developed this complication. METHODS: This is a retrospective, incidence study in patients who underwent surgeries at the Hospital SARAH Brasília from December 1999 to December 2007 and treated with intravenous or epidural PCA with opioids. Respiratory depression was defined as: respiratory rate < 8 bpm, need to use naloxone, or peripheral oxygen saturation below 90 percent. RESULTS: Two thousand seven hundred and ninety patients were evaluated; 635 of those patients received intravenous PCA and 2155 epidural analgesia. Seven patients developed postoperative respiratory depression (0.25 percent). Six of those patients were treated with intravenous PCA with morphine, while the last one received epidural analgesia with fentanyl. Patients had a mean age of 30.5 ± 24.7 years; the mean time between the end of anesthesia and the development of respiratory depression was 18.1 ± 26.3 hours. The incidence of respiratory depression was significantly higher in PCA with intravenous morphine (p = 0.001) and age below 16 years (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of respiratory depression was similar to that described in the literature; it is more frequent in children and adolescents, and with intravenous PCA.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La analgesia controlada por el paciente (PCA), por vía venosa o epidural, es una técnica segura y eficaz en el tratamiento del dolor postoperatorio. Sin embargo, el uso de opioides no está exento de riesgos y la depresión respiratoria es la complicación más temida. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir la incidencia de depresión respiratoria asociada a la analgesia postoperatoria con opioides administrados por vía epidural o venosa, y las características de los pacientes que presentaron la complicación. MÉTODO: Estudio de incidencia retrospectiva en pacientes operados en el Hospital SARAH Brasília entre diciembre de 1999 y diciembre de 2007 y tratados con PCA con opioides por vía venosa o epidural. Se definieron como casos de depresión respiratoria, frecuencia respiratoria d" 8 irpm, necesidad del uso de naloxona, o saturación periférica de oxígeno por debajo de un 90 por ciento. RESULTADOS: Fueron evaluados 2790 pacientes, de los cuales 635 pacientes recibieron PCA venosa y 2155, analgesia epidural. Se dieron siete casos de depresión respiratoria postoperatoria (incidencia de 0,25 por ciento). De ellos, seis pacientes fueron tratados con PCA venosa con morfina, mientras que el último recibió analgesia epidural con fentanil. El promedio de edad fue de 30,5 ± 24,7 años; el tiempo medio entre el término de la anestesia hasta el aparecimiento de la depresión respiratoria fue de 18,1 ± 26,3 horas. El aparecimiento de depresión respiratoria fue significativamente más frecuente en la PCA venosa con morfina (p = 0,001) y en una edad menor que 16 años (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: La incidencia de depresión respiratoria encontrada fue similar a la descrita en la literatura, siendo más frecuente en niños y adolescentes con PCA venosa.

Donepezil reverses buprenorphine-induced central respiratory depression in anesthetized rabbits

Buprenorphine is a mixed opioid receptor agonist-antagonist used in acute and chronic pain management. Although this agent's analgesic effect increases in a dose-dependent manner, buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression shows a marked ceiling effect at higher doses, which is considered to be an indicator of safety. Nevertheless, cases of overdose mortality or severe respiratory depression associated with buprenorphine use have been reported. Naloxone can reverse buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression, but is slow-acting and unstable, meaning that new drug candidates able to specifically antagonize buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression are needed in order to enable maximal analgesic effect without respiratory depression. Acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter in central respiratory control. We previously showed that a long-acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil, antagonizes morphine-induced respiratory depression. We have now investigated how donepezil affects buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression in anesthetized, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated rabbits. We measured phrenic nerve discharge as an Índex of respiratory rate and amplitude, and compared discharges following the injection of buprenorphine with discharges following the injection of donepezil. Buprenorphine-induced suppression of the respiratory rate and respiratory amplitude was antagonized by donepezil (78.4 ± 4.8 percent, 92.3 percent ± 22.8 percent of control, respectively). These findings indicate that systemically administered donepezil restores buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression in anesthetized rabbits.

Insuficiência respiratória aguda como manifestação da síndrome de eosinofilia-mialgia associada à ingestão de L-triptofano / Acute respiratory failure as a manifestation of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome associated with L-tryptophan intake

A síndrome da eosinofilia-mialgia foi descrita em 1989 em pacientes que apresentavam mialgia progressiva e incapacitante e eosinofilia sérica, nos líquidos e secreções. A maioria dos pacientes relatava uso prévio de L-triptofano. Sintomas respiratórios são relatados em até 80 por cento dos casos, eventualmente como manifestação única. O tratamento inclui suspensão da droga e corticoterapia. Relatamos o caso de uma mulher de 61 anos com insuficiência respiratória aguda após uso de L-triptofano, hidroxitriptofano e outras drogas. A paciente apresentava eosinofilia no sangue, lavado broncoalveolar e derrame pleural. Após a suspensão da medicação e corticoterapia, houve melhora clínica e radiológica em poucos dias.

Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome was described in 1989 in patients who presented progressive and incapacitating myalgia and eosinophilia in blood, fluids and secretions. Most patients report previous L-tryptophan intake. Respiratory manifestations are found in up to 80 percent of the cases, occasionally as the only manifestation. Treatment includes drug discontinuation and administration of corticosteroids. Here, we describe the case of a 61-year-old female admitted with acute respiratory failure after using L-tryptophan, hydroxytryptophan and other drugs. The patient presented eosinophilia, together with elevated eosinophil counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage and pleural effusion. After discontinuation of the drugs previously used, corticosteroids were administered, resulting in clinical and radiological improvement within just a few days.

Intermediate syndrome in organophosphorous poisoning--a case report.

A case of organophosphorous poisoning in a 29 year old male who developed intermediate syndrome manifested by features of respiratory depression as evidenced by marked weakness of the respiratory muscles, tachypnoea, and drop in oxygen saturation despite reversal of nicotinic and muscarinic effects of organophosphorous poisoning. The case highlights its early recognition and prompt institution of mechanical ventilation with continuation of anticholinergic drugs. The mechanical ventilation had to be continued for 9 days with successful outcome.

The "intermediate syndrome" as critical sequelae of organophosphate poisoning: the first report of two cases in Thailand.

The authors report 2 cases of organophosphate poisoning which developed intermediate syndrome. The first case was a man who took an organophosphate insecticide, monocrotophos, and developed severe organophosphate poisoning. Respiratory support was needed. He was treated with atropine and 2-PAM. Weakness of neck muscles, proximal limb and respiratory muscle developed in the 3rd day after ingestion. By supportive treatment and careful monitoring, however, he recovered after 11 days of the poisoning. The second case was a lady who took dicrotophos. She developed severe organophosphate poisoning for which respiratory support was also needed High dose of atropine, but without 2-PAM, was administered. She developed bulbar palsy, proximal muscle and respiratory weakness 3 day after the ingestion. Ventilation support was needed for 13 days before weaning was successful. This report did not support an efficacy of pralidoxime (2-PAM) in alleviation of the intermediate syndrome, but aims to alert physicians to recognize the intermediate syndrome for which adequate respiratory care is the crucial key for its management.

Síndrome del ácido transretinoico: Reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / All-Trans retinoic acid Syndrome: Case Report and a Review of the Literature

Se describe el caso de una enferma con leucemia aguda promielocítica (LAP) que desarrolló síndrome del ácido transretinoico (SATRA) y se revisa la literatura. El SA TRA se presenta en enfermos con LAP tratados con ácido transretinoico (ATRA). Tiene incidencia de 5% a 27% con mortalidad de hasta 29%. Es secundario al efecto del ATRA sobre la diferenciación de los promielocitos, lo que desencadena respuesta inflamatoria sistémica, daño endotelial con síndrome de fuga capilar y obstrucción de la microcirculación e infiltración tisular. Clínicamente se manifiesta con fiebre, hipotensión, insuficiencia respiratoria, renal y hepática, infiltrados pulmonares, derrame pleural y pericárdico, y edema generalizado. El tratamiento es a base de suspensión del ATRA, medidas de apoyo y esferoides.

We described a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) who developed all-trans retinoic acid syndrome (ATRAS) and reviewed the literature. ATRAS presents in patients with APL treated with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). It has an incidence from 5%-27% with mortality of 29%. It is secondary to ATRA effect on promyelocyte differentiation, which causes systemic inflammatory response syndrome, endothelium damage with increase in capillary permeability, microcirculation obstruction, and tissue infiltration. ATRAS clinical manifestations are fever, hypotension, respiratory, renal and hepatic insufficiency, lung infiltrates, pleural and pericardic efussion, and generalized edema. Treatment is based on ATRA suspension, support measures, and steroids.

Ventilação mecânica volume-controlada versus pressão controlada em modelo canino de lesão pulmonar aguda: efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e sobre o custo de oxigênio da respiração / Volume controlled ventilation versus pressure controlled ventilation in a canine acute lung injury model: effects on cardiorespiratory parameters and oxygen cost of breathing

Introdução: Persiste a questão sobre se há vantagens mecânicas ou de trocas gasosas no uso da ventilação pressão-controlada (VPC) sobre a ciclada a volume (VCV). Objetivos: Comparar, de forma randômica, a VPC com a VCV com fluxo desacelerado nos modos assistido e controlado em modelo experimental de lesão pulmonar aguda. Métodos: Sete cães com lesão pulmonar aguda grave (PaO2/FIO2 < 100mmHg) induzida por ácido oléico intravenoso (0,05mg/kg) foram ventilados em VPC ou VCV, mantidos constantes o volume corrente e o tempo inspiratório. Nas duas modalidades os animais foram ventilados por 40 minutos no modo assistido seguido do modo controlado após curarização. Resultados: Não houve diferenças em relação às trocas gasosas (PaO2 e PaCO2), ao débito, ao transporte de oxigênio e à mecânica respiratória entre a VCV e a VPC. O consumo de oxigênio (VO2) após a curarização foi semelhante (124 ± 48 na VCV versus 143 ± 50ml/min na VPC, com p = 0,42). Entretanto, no modo assistido, houve tendência de maior VO2 na VPC (219 ± 72 versus 154 ± 67ml/min na VCV, p = 0,06). Isso associou-se a tendência de maior custo de oxigênio da respiração (COR) naquela modalidade, embora sem diferença estatística significante (31 ± 77 na VCV versus 75 ± 96ml/min na VPC, p = 0,23) e menor PvO2 (34 ± 7 versus 42 ± 6ml/min na VCV, p = 0,02). O pico de fluxo inspiratório nos ciclos assistidos foi maior na VPC (58 ± 9 versus 48 ± 4L/min na VCV, p = 0,01). A instituição da ventilação controlada por curarização reduziu em cerca de 20 por cento o débito cardíaco e o DO2 em relação ao modo assistido, tanto na VCV quanto na VPC. Conclusões: Em um modelo de insuficiência respiratória grave, com elevado COR, a manutenção da ventilação controlada em relação à assistida melhorou a relação entre oferta e consumo de oxigênio. A VPC não trouxe benefícios às trocas gasosas ou à mecânica pulmonar em relação à VCV, podendo aumentar o COR no modo assistido no presente modelo

Alprozolam poisoning.

We report a rare case of Alprazolam poisoning presented with coma and respiratory depression in a young girl with positive family history of suicidal attempts by her father, mother and sister. The Alprazolam was available in large amount in form of "Physicians Samples" as her elder sister was a medical representative. The patient was successfully managed.

Neuromuscular weakness and type II respiratory failure as a result of chronic and intermediate organophosphate poisoning

We report 3 cases with generalized neuromuscular weakness and Type II hypercapnoeic respiratory failue as a result of respiratory muscle weakness. This proved to be due to intoxication with organophosphate insecticides

Pulmonary fibrosis in a steel mill worker

We report a case of pulmonary fibrosis in a 32-year-old man, who had worked at a steel mill and who died of respiratory failure due to interstitial fibrosis despite vigorous treatment. He showed SLE-associated symptoms, such as pleural effusion, malar rashes, discoid rashes, arthritis, leukopenia, and positive antinuclear antibody and anti-histone antibody. However, he did not present anti-DNA antibody. A thoracoscopic lung biopsy showed interstitial fibrosis, chronic inflammation and a small non-caseating granuloma in lung tissues, which could be induced by external agents such as metals. The manganese concentration in the lung tissue was 4.64 microg/g compared to 0.42-0.7 microg/g in the controls. The levels of other metals, such as iron, nickel, cobalt and zinc in patient's lung tissue were higher than those in the controls. The patient was probably exposed to Si and various metal dusts, and the lung fibrosis was related to these exposures. Exposure to Si and metal dusts should be sought in the history of any patient with SLE, especially in a male with pulmonary signs, and if present, exposure should be stopped. In the meantime, steps should be taken to ensure that workers exposure to Si and metal dusts in all environments have adequate protection.

Toxicidad pulmonar por nitrofurantoina / Pulmonary toxicity by nitrofurantoin

La nitrofurantoína es un antimicrobiano de uso muy frecuente y difundido en el tratamiento y prevención de las infecciones urinarias bajas. En estos casos su utilidad está bien demostrada. Desafortunadamente produce daño pulmonar que puede manifestarse en forma aguda como una neumonitis por hipersensibilidad o crónica como un alveolitis fibrosante que lleva potencialmente a la fibrosis pulmonar y a la insuficiencia respiratoria. Esta forma de daño pulmonar por nitrofurantoína es menos frecuente que la aguda pero de pronóstico mucho más serio y tiene una mortalidad de 8 por ciento . Frente a ambos cuadros lo fundamental es la sospecha clínica y la inmediata suspensión de la nitrofurantoína. En los casos agudos son útiles los corticoides y en los crónicos serían de valor los agentes antioxidantes. Autores como Holmberg y cols. (3) al analizar la toxicidad pulmonar y otras reacciones adversas de la nitrofurantoína (cutáneas, hepáticas, sanguíneas, etc.) cuestionan el empleo de esta droga en el tratamiento y profilaxis de las infecciones urinarias bajas y recomiendan su reemplazo por medicamentos de igual efectividad y de menos riesgos

Respiraçäo artificial com oxigenador de membrana extracorpóreo em posiçäo artério-venosa sem bomba: estudo experimental / Respiratory Support with Arteriovenous Pumpless Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. An Experimental Study

PURPOSE--To test the hypothesis of respiratory support and to study the consequent hemodynamic alterations, we performed pumpless A-V ECMO using a 1.2m2 polipropylene hollow fiber membrane oxygenator, specially adapted from conventional model utilized in routine cardiac surgery. METHODS--Two canine groups of six dogs each were studied. Group 1 had normal lungs and group 2 acute respiratory failure induced by 0.035ml/kg intravenous oleic acid. The dogs were anesthetized and maintained in apnea with curare. Heparin was given in a single dose of 400U/kg. Gasimetric and hemodynamic parameters were monitored each 30 minutes during a 3 hour period. Then the oxygenator was discontinued and after 15 minutes a final arterial blood gas sample was taken for analysis. RESULTS--Blood samples at 3 hours have shown a mean PaO2 of 260.6mmHg in group 1 and 114.4mmHg in group 2 and PaCO2 of 54.3 and 56.2mmHg, respectively. After the oxygenator was discontinued PaCO2 levels increased to 161.6 and 193.7mmHg, respectively. The hemodynamic parameters shown few alterations. CONCLUSION--In both groups pumpless A-V ECMO was able to maintain gasimetric parameters within acceptable patterns and compatible with life, with few hemodynamic alterations. However, an adequate mean arterial blood pressure is needed to provide flow through membrane oxygenator

Objetivo - Testar a hipótese de manutenção do suporte respiratório e observar as alterações hemodinâmicas provocadas pelo emprego da assistência respiratória extracorpórea por via artério-venosa sem bomba, usando um oxigenador de fibra oca capilar de polipropileno de 1,2m2, especialmente adaptado do modelo utilizado em cirurgia cardíaca de rotina. Métodos - Foram estudados dois grupos de 6 cães cada, sendo o grupo 1 com pulmões normais e o grupo 2 onde se induziu insuficiência respiratória aguda com ácido oléico (0,035ml/kg). Os cães foram mantidos apnéicos durante o experimento com administração continuada de curare. Heparina foi injetada em dose única (400U/kg) e parâmetros gasimétricos e hemodinâmicos foram monitorados cada 30min por 3h. A seguir, foi desligado o oxigenador e 15min depois colhida amostra sangüínea arterial para gasimetria final. Resultados - Amostras sangüíneas coletadas ao final de 3h mostraram média de PaO2 de 260,65mmHg no grupo 1 e 114,4mmHg no grupo 2 e PaCO2 de 54,3 e 56,2mmHg, respectivamente. Quando se desligou o oxigenador, após 15min PaCO2 elevou-se para 161,6 e 193, 7mmHg, respectivamente. Os parâmetros hemodinâmicos mostraram-se estáveis durante o experimento. Conclusão - Em ambos os grupos o método foi capaz de manter os parâmetros gasimétricos dentro de padrões aceitáveis e compatíveis com a vida, com paucas alterações hemodinômicas. Entretanto, necessita pressão arterial média adequada para prover fluxo através do oxigenador de membrana